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We all know that DNA has the ability to identify individuals but, because it is inherited,

there are also regions of the DNA strand which can relate an individual to his or her family (immediate and extended), tribal group and even an entire population. Molecular Genealogy (宗谱学) can use this unique identification provided by the genetic markers to link people together into family trees. Pedigrees (家谱) based on such genetic markers can mean a break-through for family trees where information is incomplete or missing due to adoption, illegitimacy or lack of records. There are many communities and populations which have lost precious records due to tragic events such as the fire in the Irish courts during Civil War in 1921 or American slaves for whom many records were never kept in the first place.

The main objective of the Molecular Genealogy Research Group is to build a database containing over 100,000 DNA samples from individuals all over the world. These individuals will have provided a pedigree chart of at least four generations and a small blood sample. Once the database has enough samples to represent the world genetic make-up, it will eventually help in solving many issues regarding genealogies that could not be done by relying only on traditional written records. Theoretically, any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this database.

In the meantime, as the database is being created, molecular genealogy can already verify possible or suspected relationships between individuals. "For example, if two men sharing the same last name believe that they are related, but no written record proves this relationship, we can verify this possibility by collecting a sample of DNA from both and looking for common markers (in this case we can look primarily at the Y chromosome (染色体)," explains George Green, a member of the BYU Molecular Genealogy research team.

People in a large area may possess the same DNA thread because______.

A.DNA is characteristic of a region

B.they are beyond doubt of common ancestry

C.DNA strand has the ability to identify individuals

D.their unique identification can be provided via DNA

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第6题
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第8题
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第9题
Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage: How men first learned

Passage 2 Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken, or written in letters we call words.

The power of words, then, lies in their combinations — the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.

Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and feelings. This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary (文字的) style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and rude.

第6题:The origin of language ________.

A. is reflected in sounds and letters B. is handed down from generation to generation C. dates back to the prehistoric period D. is a problem not yet solved

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第10题
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us beli
eve, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states " invest " in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits?

So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life.

It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.

Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.

Why do modern states invest in institutions of learning?

A.To get a repayment for what an individual's education has cost.

B.To get rewards for what they have spent.

C.To charge interest.

D.To give all the children free education.

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第11题
根据短文的内容回答,下列题目 How We Form. First Impression(1) We all have first impressio

根据短文的内容回答,下列题目

How We Form. First Impression

(1) We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form. an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her--aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.

(2) The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a person&39;s eyes, ears,nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different. In fact, your brain continuously process incoming sensory information——the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals "mean".

(3) If you see someone you know and like at school, your brain says "familiar and safe". If you see someone new, it says, "new-potentially, threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories. The height, weight, dress, ethnicity,gestures, and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, "This is new. I don&39;t like this person." Or else, "I&39;m intrigued." Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures--like your other friends; so your brain says: "I like this person." But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong.

(4) When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form. of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.

Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people--their history, interest, values,strengths, and true character--we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks.

(5) However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person&39;s character, we use a different, more mature style. of thinking——and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.

Paragraph 2 __________ 查看材料

A.Ways of departure from immature and simplistic impressions

B.Comment on first impression

C.Illustration of first impression

D.Comparing incoming sensory information against memories

E.Threatening aspect of first impressions

F.Differences among Jocks, Geeks and Freaks

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